Since you are new at this (as you say), perhaps I can share with you the terminal setups:
Power baits or any floating baits - best is to use sliding weight (such as 2-3" of pencil lead) stopped by a swivel. Use light leaders (4-6 lb) and a small hook. Make sure you test your bait before cast to see that it floats insted of sinking. With all the weeds at the lake, you need the bait to float above the weeds. There is no need for float for this set up. Just watch for a bouncing rod tip for a hook up. The bait you bought is the paste form. It is effective, but quite messy to use. Most people buy the power eggs type, which is quite durable like plastic egg. You can add some scent to it (after in the water too long) by dipping the eggs in some scent oil (like Procure etc.)
Small spinner, spoon or twister tails - cast out and retrieve slowly as long as it does not touch the weedy bottom. Need longer leader than bait setup. The chartreuse twister tails are quite effective. Polish your spinners before to make sure it shines brightly. Probably the most exciting method to fish, because you can feel the strike of the fish directly.
Sinking baits (such as shrimp, roe, worm) - probably best fish with a float/bobber. Cast out far enough so that your float sits up. If it lies flat, you are fishing too shallow. Many fishermen will fish shallower with this setup by shortening the leader and set the lead close to the float. I don't like to fish this style much, as the wind can cause havoc with the float, and also you have to glue your eyes to that float all the time.
Float with flies or twister tails - instead of using baits, use flies/tails instead. Drag the float slowly if no bite, to create action in the flies or twister tails. Try to use smaller or transparent floats. I have some transparent egg shape floats (bought from US Walmart) which can take water and so it can be casted without weight, which will make your flies more lively. This method is a good substitute for flyfishing if you cannot spend the money on the fly gears but like its effectiveness.
Lastly, true flyfishing of course, probably the most effective method, but unless you have a tube/boat and the expensive equipments or ready to wade out with safe backcasts, don't bother.
Good luck.