Increased hooking mortality from bait has been studied a lot in trout and other fish (don't know about steelhead specifically)...that's why bait bans are a very common management practice to protect vulnerable fish pops.
Taylor, M. J., and K. R. White. 1992. A meta-analysis of hooking mortality of nonanadromous trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12: 760–767.
The results of 18 studies of hooking mortality of nonanadromous trout were integrated with meta-analysis......The analysis showed that trout caught on bait died at higher rates than trout caught on artificial flies or lures, that fish caught on barbed hooks had higher mortality rates than fish caught on barbless hooks, that brown trout Salmo trutta had lower mortality rates than other species of nonanadromous trout, and that wild trout died at higher rates than hatchery-reared trout.